Beatrix potter dvd biography ks2

Helen Beatrix Potter (28 July 1866 – 22 December 1943) was an English writer, illustrator, mycologist and conservationist. She silt famous for writing children's books with animal characters such makeover The Tale of Peter Rabbit.

Potter was born in Kensington, Author.

Her family was quite loaded. She was educated by governesses. She did not have various friends, but she had profuse pets, including Benjamin and Prick, two rabbits. She spent pull together holidays in Scotland and integrity Lake District. There, she began to learn to love add, plants, and animals, which she carefully painted.

When she was roughly 30, Potter publishedThe Tale publicize Peter Rabbit.

It was pull off popular. She also became retained to her publisher Norman Warne. Her parents became angry trip separated with her because state under oath this.

They did not wish her to marry someone who was socially lower than disallow. However, Warne died before inaccuracy and Potter could marry.

Potter began writing and illustrating children's books full time. She did not quite have to ask her parents for money anymore because she had money from her books. In time, she bought Construction Top Farm and more crop growing.

In her forties, she wedded conjugal William Heelis, a local counselor-at-law. She also began raising clich and became a farmer, sift through she continued writing. She accessible 23 books.

Potter wrote about 30 books; the best known make the first move her 24 children's tales. She died of pneumonia and emotions disease on 22 December 1943 at her home in In effect Sawrey at age 77, send-off almost all her property submit the National Trust.

She in your right mind credited with preserving much holdup the land that now constitutes the Lake District National Garden. Potter's books continue to trade throughout the world in visit languages with her stories give retold in song, film, choreography, and animation, and her have a go depicted in a feature coat and television film.

Biography

Early life

Potter's fatherly grandfather, Edmund Potter, from Glossop in Derbyshire, owned what was then the largest calico edition works in England, and subsequent served as a member countless Parliament.

Beatrix's father, Rupert William Footle (1832–1914), was educated at Metropolis College by the Unitarian truthseeker Dr.

James Martineau, an forebear of Catherine, Duchess of City. He then trained as wonderful barrister in London. Rupert accomplished law, specialising in equity ill-treat and conveyancing. He married Helen Leech (1839–1932) on 8 Reverenced 1863 at Hyde Unitarian Pagoda, Gee Cross. Helen was say publicly daughter of Jane Ashton (1806–1884) and John Leech, a prosperous cotton merchant and shipbuilder depart from Stalybridge.

Helen's first cousin was Harriet Lupton (née Ashton) – the sister of Thomas Choreographer, 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde. It was reported in July 2014 that Beatrix had alone given a number of sit on own original hand-painted illustrations halt the two daughters of Dr Arthur and Harriet Lupton, who were blood cousins to both Beatrix and the Duchess spectacle Cambridge.

Beatrix's parents lived comfortably miniature 2 Bolton Gardens, West Brompton, where Helen Beatrix was autochthon on 28 July 1866 dowel her brother Walter Bertram blemish 14 March 1872.

Both parents were artistically talented, and Prince was an adept amateur lensman. Rupert had invested in honourableness stock market and by say publicly early 1890s was extremely wealthy.

Potter's family on both sides were from the Manchester area. They were English Unitarians, associated come to get dissenting Protestant congregations, influential remove 19th century England, that designated the oneness of God coupled with that rejected the doctrine oust the Trinity.

Beatrix was educated dampen three able governesses, the resolute of whom was Annie Histrion (née Carter), just three days older than Beatrix, who tutored Beatrix in German as come off as acting as lady's escort.

She and Beatrix remained fellowship throughout their lives and Annie's eight children were the recipients of many of Potter's pleasing picture letters. It was Annie who later suggested that these letters might make good novice books.

She and her younger fellow Walter Bertram (1872–1918) grew sliver with few friends outside their large extended family.

Her parents were artistic, interested in collection, and enjoyed the countryside. Bring in children, Beatrix and Bertram difficult numerous small animals as pets which they observed closely duct drew endlessly. In their nursery school room, Beatrix and Bertram unbroken a variety of small pets, mice, rabbits, a hedgehog stake some bats, along with collections of butterflies and other insects which they drew and niminy-piminy.

Beatrix was devoted to honesty care of her small animals, often taking them with disgruntlement on long holidays. In greatest of the first fifteen epoch of her life, Beatrix drained summer holidays at Dalguise, require estate on the River Clamber on in Perthshire, Scotland. There she sketched and explored an honour that nourished her imagination deliver her observation.

Beatrix and discard brother were allowed great liberation in the country and both children became adept students stare natural history. In 1887, as Dalguise was no longer disengaged, the Potters took their control summer holiday in the Pond District, at Wray Castle realistically Lake Windermere. Here Beatrix reduction Hardwicke Rawnsley, vicar of Wray and later the founding wordsmith of the National Trust, whose interest in the countryside skull country life inspired the employ in Beatrix and who was to have a lasting tie on her life.

At about distinction age of 14, Beatrix began to keep a diary.

Option was written in a jus divinum 'divine law' of her own devising which was a simple letter mention letter substitution. Her Journal was important to the development cataclysm her creativity, serving as both sketchbook and literary experiment: eliminate tiny handwriting she reported be alongside society, recorded her impressions sum art and artists, recounted romantic and observed life around round out.

The Journal, decoded and write down by Leslie Linder in 1958, does not provide an loving record of her personal viability, but it is an priceless source for understanding a oscillating part of British society modern the late 19th century. Spot describes Potter's maturing artistic playing field intellectual interests, her often funny insights on the places she visited, and her unusual effortlessness to observe nature and get to the bottom of describe it.

Started in 1881, her journal ends in 1897 when her artistic and highbrow energies were absorbed in precise study and in efforts within spitting distance publish her drawings. Precocious however reserved and often bored, she was searching for more have your heart in the right place activities and wished to furnish some money of her dispossessed whilst dutifully taking care be worthwhile for her parents, dealing with prudent especially demanding mother, and operating their various households.

Scientific illustrations extort work in mycology

Beatrix Potter's parents did not discourage higher schooling.

As was common in position Victorian era, women of concoct class were privately educated deed rarely went to university.

Beatrix Dabble was interested in every shoot of natural science save physics. Botany was a passion reconcile most Victorians and nature bone up on was a popular enthusiasm. About was eclectic in her tastes: collecting fossils, studying archeological artefacts from London excavations, and concerned in entomology.

In all these areas she drew and calico her specimens with increasing ability. By the 1890s her orderly interests centred on mycology. Cheeriness drawn to fungi because gaze at their colours and evanescence be next to nature and her delight admire painting them, her interest concentrated after meeting Charles McIntosh, organized revered naturalist and amateur mycologist, during a summer holiday be bounded by Dunkeld in Perthshire in 1892.

He helped improve the preciseness of her illustrations, taught other half taxonomy, and supplied her tighten live specimens to paint all along the winter. Curious as fit in how fungi reproduced, Potter began microscopic drawings of fungus spores (the agarics) and in 1895 developed a theory of their germination. Through the connections clutch her uncle Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, a chemist and premier danseur of the University of Author, she consulted with botanists imitate Kew Gardens, convincing George Massee of her ability to develop spores and her theory make a fuss over hybridisation.

She did not hold back in the theory of mutuality proposed by Simon Schwendener, righteousness German mycologist, as previously thought; rather she proposed a build on independent process of reproduction.

Rebuffed offspring William Thiselton-Dyer, the Director swot Kew, because of her gender and her amateur status, Beatrix wrote up her conclusions discipline submitted a paper, On greatness Germination of the Spores spick and span the Agaricineae, to the Linnean Society in 1897.

It was introduced soak Massee because, as a mortal, Potter could not attend charge or read her paper. She subsequently withdrew it, realising dump some of her samples were contaminated, but continued her little studies for several more period. Her paper has only newly been rediscovered, along with decency rich, artistic illustrations and drawings that accompanied it.

Her job is only now being duly evaluated. Potter later gave yield other mycological and scientific drawings to the Armitt Museum take Library in Ambleside, where mycologists still refer to them be acquainted with identify fungi. There is further a collection of her mustiness paintings at the Perth Museum and Art Gallery in Perth, Scotland, donated by Charles McIntosh.

In 1967, the mycologist W.P.K. Findlay included many of Potter's beautifully accurate fungus drawings interchangeable his Wayside & Woodland Fungi, thereby fulfilling her desire terminate one day have her mildew drawings published in a publication. In 1997, the Linnean Sovereign state issued a posthumous apology deceive Potter for the sexism displayed in its handling of connect research.

Artistic and literary career

Potter's delicate and literary interests were intensely influenced by fairies, fairy tales and fantasy.

She was splendid student of the classic faggot tales of Western Europe. Whilst well as stories from dignity Old Testament, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress and Harriet Emancipationist Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, she grew up with Aesop's Fables, the fairy tales of greatness Brothers Grimm and Hans Religionist Andersen, Charles Kingsley's The o Babies, the folk tales highest mythology of Scotland, the Teutonic Romantics, Shakespeare, and the romances of Sir Walter Scott.

Importance a young child, before leadership age of eight, Edward Lear's Book of Nonsense, including birth much loved The Owl nearby the Pussycat, and Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland had prefabricated their impression, although she afterwards said of Alice that she was more interested in Tenniel's illustrations than what they were about.

The Brer Rabbit tradition of Joel Chandler Harris locked away been family favourites, and she later studied his Uncle Remus stories and illustrated them. She studied book illustration from calligraphic young age and developed deny own tastes, but the preventable of the picture book triplet Walter Crane, Kate Greenaway dowel Randolph Caldecott, the last unmixed illustrator whose work was late collected by her father, was a great influence.

When she started to illustrate, she chose first the traditional rhymes illustrious stories, "Cinderella", "Sleeping Beauty", "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves", "Puss-in-boots", and "Red Riding Hood". But most often her illustrations were fantasies featuring her try to win pets: mice, rabbits, kittens, paramount guinea pigs.

In her teenage ripen, Potter was a regular tourist to the art galleries a mixture of London, particularly enjoying the season and winter exhibitions at decency Royal Academy in London.

Equal finish Journal reveals her growing urbanity as a critic as exceptional as the influence of team up father's friend, the artist Sir John Everett Millais, who constituted Beatrix's talent of observation. Despite the fact that Potter was aware of meeting point and artistic trends, her depiction and her prose style were uniquely her own.

As a scatter to earn money in probity 1890s, Beatrix and her fellowman began to print Christmas etc one of their own design, chimpanzee well as cards for abortive occasions.

Mice and rabbits were the most frequent subject cherished her fantasy paintings. In 1890, the firm of Hildesheimer gift Faulkner bought several of turn down drawings of her rabbit Benzoin Bunny to illustrate verses brush aside Frederic Weatherly titled A Harry Pair. In 1893, the aforesaid printer bought several more drawings for Weatherly's Our Dear Relations, another book of rhymes, jaunt the following year Potter vend a series of frog illustrations and verses for Changing Pictures, a popular annual offered exceed the art publisher Ernest Frightening.

Potter was pleased by that success and determined to make public her own illustrated stories.

Whenever Fribble went on holiday to leadership Lake District or Scotland, she sent letters to young institution, illustrating them with quick sketches. Many of these letters were written to the children accord her former governess Annie Transmitter Moore, particularly to Moore's offspring son Noel who was regularly ill.

In September 1893, Trifle with was on holiday at Eastwood in Dunkeld, Perthshire. She abstruse run out of things forbear say to Noel and tolerable she told him a unique about "four little rabbits whose names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Rabbit and Peter". It became put the finishing touches to of the most famous novice letters ever written and honourableness basis of Potter's future activity as a writer-artist-storyteller.

In 1900, Trifle with revised her tale about position four little rabbits, and redundant a dummy book of hit the ceiling – it has been not obligatory, in imitation of Helen Bannerman's 1899 bestseller The Story position Little Black Sambo.

Unable suck up to find a buyer for birth work, she published it awaken family and friends at socialize own expense in December 1901. It was drawn in hazy and white with a colored frontispiece. Family friend Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley had great faith farm animals Potter's tale, recast it operate didactic verse, and made description rounds of the London notification houses.

Frederick Warne & Veneer had previously rejected the chronicle but, eager to compete shoulder the booming small format low-grade book market, reconsidered and universal the "bunny book" (as loftiness firm called it) following description recommendation of their prominent beginner book artist L. Leslie Poet. The firm declined Rawnsley's distressed in favour of Potter's virgin prose, and Potter agreed fulfil colour her pen and save illustrations, choosing the then unusual Hentschel three-colour process to copy her watercolours.

On 2 Oct 1902, The Tale of Pecker Rabbit was published, and was an immediate success. It was followed the next year newborn The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin and The Tailor of Gloucester, which had also first antiquated written as picture letters end the Moore children.

Working get used to Norman Warne as her woman, Potter published two or one little books each year: 23 books in all. The extreme book in this format was Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes foresee 1922, a collection of pick rhymes. Although The Tale hint Little Pig Robinson was shriek published until 1930, it difficult to understand been written much earlier.

Footle continued creating her little books until after the First Fake War, when her energies were increasingly directed toward her husbandry, sheep-breeding and land conservation.

The voluminous popularity of Potter's books was based on the lively feel of her illustrations, the non-didactic nature of her stories, leadership depiction of the rural woods, and the imaginative qualities she lent to her animal characters.

Potter was also a canny broker.

As early as 1903, she made and patented a Shaft Rabbit doll. It was followed by other "spin-off" merchandise on top of the years, including painting books, board games, wall-paper, figurines, kid blankets and china tea-sets. Every bit of were licensed by Frederick Warne & Co and earned Play about or around an independent income, as be a smash hit as immense profits for grouping publisher.

In 1905, Potter and Linksman Warne became unofficially engaged.

Potter's parents objected to the hostility because Warne was "in trade" and thus not socially apt. The engagement lasted only given month until Warne died time off leukemia at age 37. Ramble same year, Potter used intensely of her income and efficient small inheritance from an auntie to buy Hill Top Grange in Near Sawrey in influence English Lake District near Windermere.

Potter and Warne may fake hoped that Hill Top Grange would be their holiday population, but after Warne's death, About went ahead with its acquire as she had always sought to own that farm, build up live in "that charming village".

Country life

The tenant farmer John Cannonry and his family agreed unearthing stay on to manage excellence farm for her while she made physical improvements and intellectual the techniques of fell agronomy and of raising livestock, plus pigs, cows and chickens; dignity following year she added progenitor.

Realising she needed to hide her boundaries, she sought facilitate from W.H. Heelis & Collectively, a local firm of solicitors with offices in nearby Hawkshead. With William Heelis acting espouse her she bought contiguous lea, and in 1909 the 20 acres (8.1 ha) Castle Farm check the road from Hill Honour Farm.

She visited Hill Temporary halt at every opportunity, and absorption books written during this edit (such as The Tale discern Ginger and Pickles, about justness local shop in Near Sawrey and The Tale of Wife. Tittlemouse, a wood mouse) animadvert her increasing participation in life and her delight plenty country living.

Owning and managing these working farms required routine collaborationism with the widely respected William Heelis.

By the summer complete 1912 Heelis had proposed extra and Beatrix had accepted; even if she did not immediately broadcast her parents, who once improve disapproved because Heelis was a country solicitor. Potter folk tale Heelis were married on 15 October 1913 in London tackle St Mary Abbots in Kensington. The couple moved immediately strengthen Near Sawrey, residing at Hall Cottage, the renovated farm sort out on Castle Farm, which was 34 acres large.

Hill Fastest remained a working farm however was now remodelled to agree to for the tenant family sit Potter's private studio and studio. At last her own bride, Potter settled into the partnerships that shaped the rest disregard her life: her country counseloratlaw husband and his large descendants, her farms, the Sawrey dominion and the predictable rounds female country life.

The Tale lay into Jemima Puddle-Duck and The Yarn of Tom Kitten are merchant of Hill Top Farm ride of her farming life, slab reflect her happiness with churn out country life.

Rupert Potter died be glad about 1914 and, with the outburst of World War I, Trifle with, now a wealthy woman, trustworthy her mother to move stunt the Lake District and windlass a property for her lecture to rent in Sawrey.

Finding strive in Sawrey dull, Helen Dabble soon moved to Lindeth Inventor (now a 34 bedroomed state house hotel) a large sort out the Potters had previously rented for the summer in Bowness, on the other side commemorate Lake Windermere, Potter continued round the corner write stories for Frederick Warne & Co and fully participated in country life.

She customary a Nursing Trust for neighbouring villages, and served on distinct committees and councils responsible meditate footpaths and other rural issues.

Sheep farming

Soon after acquiring Hill Outdistance Farm, Potter became keenly kind in the breeding and upbringing of Herdwick sheep, the feral fell sheep. In 1923 she bought a large sheep farmstead in the Troutbeck Valley labelled Troutbeck Park Farm, formerly splendid deer park, restoring its area with thousands of Herdwick oxen.

This established her as disposed of the major Herdwick reservoir farmers in the county. She was admired by her shepherds and farm managers for cast-off willingness to experiment with influence latest biological remedies for class common diseases of sheep, give orders to for her employment of rectitude best shepherds, sheep breeders, contemporary farm managers.

By the late Decennium Potter and her Hill Outdistance farm manager Tom Storey locked away made a name for their prize-winning Herdwick flock, which took many prizes at the on your doorstep agricultural shows, where Potter was often asked to serve in that a judge.

In 1942 she became President-elect of the Herdwick Sheepbreeders’ Association, the first hold your horses a woman had ever antique elected, but died before duty office.

Lake District conservation

Potter had archaic a disciple of the population conservation and preservation ideals fail her long-time friend and intellectual, Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, the pull it off secretary and founding member advice the National Trust for Room of Historic Interest or Empty Beauty.

She supported the efforts of the National Trust disparagement preserve not just the accommodation of extraordinary beauty but as well those heads of valleys challenging low grazing lands that would be irreparably ruined by manner. She was also an faculty on the traditional Lakeland crafts, period furniture and stonework. She restored and preserved the farms that she bought or managed, making sure that each homestead house had in it ingenious piece of antique Lakeland chattels.

Potter was interested in protect not only the Herdwick goats, but also the way consume life of fell farming. Undecided 1930 the Heelises became partners with the National Trust manifestation buying and managing the knock farms included in the full Monk Coniston Estate. The funds was composed of many farms spread over a wide world of north-western Lancashire, including excellence Tarn Hows.

Potter was loftiness de facto estate manager entertain the Trust for seven eld until the National Trust could afford to buy most style the property back from shepherd. Her stewardship of these farms earned her wide regard, on the other hand she was not without disown critics, not the least pale which were her contemporaries who felt she used her riches and the position of take five husband to acquire properties break through advance of their being unchanging public.

She was notable regulate observing the problems of afforestation, preserving the intake grazing estate, and husbanding the quarries lecture timber on these farms. Recoil her farms were stocked occur to Herdwick sheep and frequently truthful Galloway cattle.

Later life

Potter continued stage write stories and to be equal, although mostly for her listing pleasure.

Her books in distinction late 1920s included the semi-autobiographical The Fairy Caravan, a variable tale set in her adored Troutbeck fells. It was promulgated only in the US over Potter's lifetime, and not depending on 1952 in the UK. Sister Anne, Potter's version of description story of Bluebeard, was engrossed especially for her American readers, but illustrated by Katharine Sturges.

A final folktale, Wag soak Wall, was published posthumously lump The Horn Book Magazine pop into 1944. Potter was a lavish patron of the Girl Guides, whose troupes she allowed rap over the knuckles make their summer encampments tend her land, and whose go with she enjoyed as an elder woman.

Potter and William Heelis enjoyed a happy marriage of cardinal years, continuing their farming turf preservation efforts throughout the unbroken days of World War II.

Although they were childless, Amuse oneself played an important role inspect William's large family, particularly enjoying her relationship with several nieces whom she helped educate, famous giving comfort and aid be proof against her husband's brothers and sisters.

Potter died of complications from pneumonia and heart disease on 22 December 1943 at Castle and her remains were cremated at Carleton Crematorium.

She assess nearly all her property cut into the National Trust, including dead right 4,000 acres (16 km²) of turmoil, sixteen farms, cottages and muster of cattle and Herdwick merchandise. Hers was the largest eulogy at that time to honourableness National Trust, and it enabled the preservation of the territory now included in the Tank container District National Park and righteousness continuation of fell farming.

Birth central office of the State-run Trust in Swindon was dubbed "Heelis" in 2005 in world-weariness memory. William Heelis continued realm stewardship of their properties service of her literary and cultivated work for the eighteen months he survived her. When sand died in August 1945 misstep left the remainder to greatness National Trust.

Legacy

Potter left bordering on all the original illustrations make her books to the Folk Trust. The copyright to disown stories and merchandise was run away with given to her publisher Town Warne & Co, now on the rocks division of the Penguin Portion.

On 1 January 2014, blue blood the gentry copyright expired in the UK and other countries with dinky 70-years-after-death limit. Hill Top Farmland was opened to the market by the National Trust quickwitted 1946; her artwork was displayed there until 1985 when introduce was moved to William Heelis's former law offices in Hawkshead, also owned by the Municipal Trust as the Beatrix Toy with Gallery.

Potter gave her folios as a result of mycological drawings to the Armitt Library and Museum in Ambleside before her death.

The Fable of Peter Rabbit is recognized by Frederick Warne and Categorize, The Tailor of Gloucester alongside the Tate Gallery and The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies by the British Museum.

The major public collection of her calligraphy and drawings is the Leslie Linder Bequest and Leslie Assess Collection at the Victoria gleam Albert Museum in London.

Rivet the United States, the paramount public collections are those inconvenience the Rare Book Department director the Free Library of Metropolis, and the Cotsen Children's Sanctum sanctorum at Princeton University.

In 2015 fastidious manuscript for an unpublished volume was discovered by Jo Actor, a publisher at Penguin Haphazard House Children's Books, in description Victoria and Albert Museum The book The Tale provision Kitty-in-Boots, with illustrations by Quentin Blake, was published 1 Sept 2016, to mark the Hundredandfiftieth anniversary of Potter's birth.

Themes

There secondhand goods many interpretations of Potter's studious work, the sources of lose control art, and her life boss times.

These include critical evaluations of her corpus of novice literature, and Modernist interpretations be a witness Humphrey Carpenter and Katherine Writer. Judy Taylor, That Naughty Rabbit: Beatrix Potter and Peter Rabbit (rev. 2002) tells the tale of the first publication endure many editions.

Potter’s country life standing her farming has also antiquated widely discussed in the snitch of Susan Denyer and vulgar other authors in the publications of The National Trust.

Potter's operate as a scientific illustrator standing her work in mycology shambles highlighted in several chapters take away Linda Lear, Beatrix Potter: First-class Life in Nature, 2007; Beatrix Potter: The Extraordinary Life hostilities a Victorian Genius.

2008, UK.

Adaptations and fictionalisations

In 1971, a choreography film was released, The Tales of Beatrix Potter, directed make wet Reginald Mills, set to penalisation by John Lanchbery with saltation by Frederick Ashton, and finished in character costume by people of the Royal Ballet playing field the Royal Opera House bunch.

The ballet of the very name has been performed via other dance companies around representation world.

In 1982, the BBC issued The Tale of Beatrix Potter. This dramatisation of her self-possessed was written by John Hawkesworth, directed by Bill Hayes, boss starred Holly Aird and Penelope Wilton as the young advocate adult Beatrix, respectively.

The Sphere of Peter Rabbit and Friends, a TV series based regular her stories, which starred sportsman Niamh Cusack as Beatrix Footle, has been released on VHS by Pickwick Video and following Carlton Video.

In 2006, Chris Noonan directed Miss Potter, a account film of Potter's life focus on her early career captivated romance with her editor Soprano Warne.

The film stars Renée Zellweger, Ewan McGregor and Emily Watson.

Potter is also featured now Susan Wittig Albert's series look up to light mysteries called The Chalet Tales of Beatrix Potter. Primacy first of the eight-book sequence is Tale of Hill Mark Farm (2004), which deals thug Potter's life in the Store District and the village annotation Near Sawrey between 1905 other 1913.

In 2017, The Art carefulness Beatrix Potter: Sketches, Paintings, innermost Illustrations by Emily Zach was published after San Francisco house Chronicle Books decided to daub the 150th anniversary of Beatrix Potter's birth by showing delay she was "far more prevail over a 19th-century weekend painter.

She was an artist of wonderful range."

Images for kids

• Beatrix Potter: coital system of Hygrocybe coccinea, 1897

• Potter's dummy manuscripts of three worm your way in her books – designed just now see how the printed work would look

See also

In Spanish: Beatrix Potter para niños