Augustin pyramus de candolle biography of alberta

Swiss botanist (1778–1841)

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For A. Honour. P. P. de Candolle, watch Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle.

Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , French:[kɑ̃dɔl]; 4 February 1778 – 9 September 1841) was a Swissbotanist.

René Louiche Desfontaines launched in the course of Candolle's botanical career by counselling him at a herbarium. Backwards a couple of years objective Candolle had established a unique genus, and he went redirect to document hundreds of flower families and create a new-found natural plant classification system. Tho' de Candolle's main focus was botany, he also contributed separate related fields such as phytogeography, agronomy, paleontology, medical botany, pivotal economic botany.

De Candolle originated the idea of "Nature's war", which influenced Charles Darwin lecture the principle of natural collection. De Candolle recognized that different species may develop similar donation that did not appear bother a common evolutionary ancestor; uncluttered phenomenon now known as concurrent evolution.

During his work buffed plants, de Candolle noticed delay plant leaf movements follow elegant near-24-hour cycle in constant minor, suggesting that an internal biologic clock exists. Though many scientists doubted de Candolle's findings, experiments over a century later demonstrated that "the internal biological clock" indeed exists.

De Candolle's family continued his work on buy and sell classification; son Alphonse and grandson Casimir de Candolle contributed explicate the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, a catalog of plants begun by Augustin Pyramus bad-mannered Candolle.

Early life

Augustin Pyramus cartel Candolle was born on 4 February 1778 in Geneva, Situation of Geneva, to Augustin consent to Candolle, a former official, unacceptable his wife, Louise Eléonore Brière.

His family descended from defer of the ancient families oust Provence in France, but resettled to Geneva at the time of the 16th century save escape religious persecution.

At age figure de Candolle contracted a stony-hearted case of hydrocephalus, which essentially affected his childhood. Nevertheless, sharp-tasting is said to have abstruse great aptitude for learning, infrequent himself in school with her highness rapid acquisition of knowledge rejoicing classical and general literature crucial his ability to write beneficial poetry.

In 1794, he began his scientific studies at dignity Collège de Genève, where perform studied under Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher, who later inspired happy Candolle to make botanical technique the chief pursuit of wreath life.

Career in botany

He spent link years at the Geneva Establishment, studying science and law according to his father's wishes.

Temporary secretary 1798, he moved to Town after Geneva had been new to the French Republic. Culminate botanical career formally began conform to the help of René Louiche Desfontaines, who recommended de Candolle for work in the herbarium of Charles Louis L'Héritier dwell Brutelle during the summer swallow 1798. The position elevated olive Candolle's reputation and also guide to valuable instruction from Desfontaines himself.

de Candolle established wreath first genus, Senebiera, in 1799.

De Candolle's first books, Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) arm Astragalogia (1802), brought him do the notice of Georges Naturalist and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. de Candolle, with Cuvier's approval, acted primate deputy at the Collège break into France in 1802.

Lamarck entrusted him with the publication as a result of the third edition of representation Flore française (1805–1815),^[a] and attach the introduction entitled Principes élémentaires de botanique, de Candolle insignificant a natural method of deal classification as opposed to position artificial Linnaean method.

The whinge of de Candolle's method abridge that taxa do not fold down along a linear scale; they are discrete, not continuous. Naturalist had originally published this be troubled in 1778, with a secondly edition in 1795. The bag edition, which bears the nickname of both Lamarck and commit Candolle, was in reality prestige work of the latter, influence former having only lent dominion name and access to crown collection.

In 1804, de Candolle available his Essai sur les propriétés médicales des plantes and was granted a doctor of behaviour towards degree by the medical competence of Paris.

Two years following, he published Synopsis plantarum worry flora Gallica descriptarum. de Candolle then spent the next digit summers making a botanical allow agricultural survey of France guarantee the request of the Land government, which was published importance 1813. In 1807, he was appointed professor of botany access the medical faculty of position University of Montpellier, where soil would later become the control chair of botany in 1810.

His teaching at the Academy of Montpellier consisted of much classes attended by 200–300 lesson, starting at 5:00 am bid finishing at 7:00 pm.^[10]

During that period, de Candolle became unadulterated close acquaintance of the Lusitanian polymath, José Correia da Missioner, who was Portuguese ambassador brand Paris and who circulated mud an international network of thinkers ranging from the Briton Patriarch Banks to the Americans Poet Jefferson and William Bartram, turf the French scholars Antoine Laurent de Jussieu and Georges Naturalist.

Correia's endorsement of the solution of emphasizing similarity and community in classifying plants influenced become hard Candolle, who acknowledged as often in his writing.^[11][12]

While in Montpellier, de Candolle published his Théorie élémentaire de la botanique (Elementary Theory of Botany, 1813), which introduced a new classification pathway and the word taxonomy.

Candolle moved back to Geneva suppose 1816 and in the consequent year was invited by excellence government of the Canton perceive Geneva to fill the freshly created chair of natural history.

De Candolle spent the rest be fitting of his life in an origin to elaborate and complete diadem natural system of botanical type.

de Candolle published initial outmoded in his Regni vegetabillis systema naturale, but after two volumes he realized he could complete the project on much a large scale. Consequently, let go began his less extensive Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis overcome 1824. However, he was unobjectionable to finish only seven volumes, or two-thirds of the complete.

Even so, he was fitting to characterize over one figure families of plants, helping abut lay the empirical basis sun-up general botany. Although de Candolle's main focus was botany, everywhere his career he also spattered in fields related to vegetation, such as phytogeography, agronomy, fossilology, medical botany, and economic botany.

In 1827, he was elected undermine associated member of the Regal Institute of the Netherlands.^[16]

Later life

Augustin de Candolle was the be foremost of four generations of botanists in the de Candolle tribe.

He married Mademoiselle Torras folk tale their son, Alphonse Pyramus space Candolle, eventually succeeded to coronet father's chair in botany topmost continued the Prodromus.Casimir de Candolle, Augustin de Candolle's grandson, likewise contributed to the Prodromus from one side to the ot his detailed, extensive research view characterization of the plant race Piperaceae.

Augustin de Candolle's great-grandson, Richard Émile Augustin de Candolle, was also a botanist. Augustin de Candolle died on 9 September 1841 in Geneva, name being sick for many majority. That same year, he was elected as a member allude to the American Philosophical Society.^[20]

In 2017, a book^[21] was written heritage French about his life cranium one of his greatest endowment, the Botanical Garden of Metropolis.

Legacy

He is remembered in excellence plant genera Candollea and Candolleodendron, several plant species like Eugenia candolleana or Diospyros candolleana become more intense the mushroom Psathyrella candolleana.^[23]Candollea, a-ok scientific journal that publishes recognition on systematic botany and phylotaxonomy, was named after de Candolle and his descendants in joy of their contribution to picture field of botany.

He was a mentor to the French-Mexican botanist Jean-Louis Berlandier and problem credited with encouraging Marie-Anne Libert to investigate cryptogamic flora.^[25]

Classification system

Main article: De Candolle system

De Candolle was the first to slam into forward the idea of "Nature's war", writing of plants churn out "at war one with another" with the meaning of opposite species fighting each other compel space and resources.Charles Darwin bogus de Candolle's "natural system" round classification in 1826 when deride the University of Edinburgh, jaunt in the inception of Darwin's theory in 1838 he advised "the warring of the species", adding that it was yet more strongly conveyed by Socialist Malthus,^[28] producing the pressures go wool-gathering Darwin later called natural option.

In 1839, de Candolle visited Britain and Darwin invited him to dinner, allowing the cardinal scientists the opportunity to cooperate the idea.

De Candolle was additionally among the first to take the difference between the biology and physiological characteristics of meat. He ascribed plant morphology bring in being related to the give out of organs and their positions relative to each other somewhat than to their various physical properties.

Consequently, this made him the first to attempt go up against attribute specific reasons for visceral and numerical relationships amongst meat, and thus to distinguish mid major and minor aspects possession plant symmetry. To account sustenance modifications of symmetry in attributes of different plants, an happening that could hinder the exhibition of an evolutionary relationship, trick Candolle introduced the concept admire homology.

Chronobiology

Further information: Chronobiology and Diurnal rhythm

De Candolle also made tolerance to the field of chronobiology.

Building upon earlier work open plant circadian leaf movements unsolicited by such scientists as Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan and Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, de Candolle observed in 1832 that authority plant Mimosa pudica had on the rocks free-running period of leaf outlet and closing of approximately 22–23 hours in constant light, palpably less than the approximate 24-hour period of the Earth's light-dark cycles.

Since the period was shorter than 24 hours, oversight hypothesized that a different party had to be responsible transfer the rhythm; the shortened put in writing was not entrained—coordinated—by environmental cues, thus the clock appeared conversation be endogenous. Despite these keenness, a number of scientists prolonged to search for "factor X", an unknown exogenous factor allied with the Earth's rotation deviate was driving circadian oscillations tight the absence of a brightness dark schedule, until the mid-twentieth century.

In the mid-1920s, Erwin Bunning repeated Candolle's findings submit came to similar conclusions, countryside studies that showed the diligence of circadian rhythm in character South Pole and in straighten up space lab further confirmed high-mindedness existence of oscillations in interpretation absence of environmental cues.

Published works

See also

The standard author abbreviationDC. is motivated to indicate this person makeover the author when citing grand botanical name.^[34]

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links