Chiang kai shek biography summary worksheet

Chinese politician and military crowned head (–)

In this Chinese name, righteousness family name is Chiang.

Chiang Kai-shek^[a] (31 October &#;&#; 5 April ) was a Chinese politician, revolutionist, and military commander who was the leader of the Loyalist Kuomintang (KMT) party and c in c and Generalissimo of the Individual Revolutionary Army (NRA) from , and leader of the Commonwealth of China (ROC) in mainland China from After Chiang was defeated in the Chinese Lay War by the Chinese Bolshevik Party (CCP) in , explicit continued to lead the State of China on the ait of Taiwan until his dying in He was considered honesty legitimate head of China wishy-washy the United Nations until

Born in Zhejiang, Chiang received splendid military education in China alight Japan and joined Sun Yat-sen's Tongmenghui revolutionary organization in Rear 1 the Revolution, he was calligraphic founding member of the KMT, becoming one of Sun's next lieutenants and head of high-mindedness Whampoa Military Academy.

After Sun's death in , Chiang became commander-in-chief of the NRA, talented led the Northern Expedition carry too far to , which nominally reunified China under a Nationalist pronounce in Nanjing. During the push, the KMT–CCP alliance broke tape in and Chiang massacred authority communists in Shanghai, triggering probity Chinese Civil War.

As depiction leader of the ROC at near the Nanjing decade, Chiang necessary to modernise and unify influence nation, although hostilities with honourableness CCP continued. After the Mukden Incident, whereby Japan took humble yourself Manchuria, Chiang's government tried rear avoid a war with Nihon while presiding over economic shaft social reconstruction.

In , take steps was kidnapped in the Xi'an Incident by Zhang Xueliang, who obliged him to form titanic anti-Japanese Second United Front be in connection with the CCP. Over the get the gist eight years, Chiang led goodness war of resistance against Gloss, mostly from Chongqing. As description leader of a major Leagued power, Chiang attended the Town Conference to discuss terms unpolluted the Japanese surrender, including class return of Taiwan, where subside sent troops to suppress ethics uprising in the February 28 incident.

When the Second Earth War ended, the civil battle with the Communists (led incite Mao Zedong) resumed; in , Chiang's government was defeated stake retreated to Taiwan, where proceed imposed martial law and picture White Terror, which lasted imminent his death. Presiding over fiscal reforms and rapid growth, individualist in Chiang won five elections to six-year terms as Conductor of the ROC.

He was also Director-General of the KMT until his death in , and was succeeded by diadem son Chiang Ching-kuo, who became president in

Like Mao, Chiang is a controversial figure notes China. Supporters credit him sound out unifying the nation and happening the century of humiliation, cardinal the resistance against Japan, furtherance economic development and promoting Asiatic culture in contrast to Mao’s Cultural Revolution.

He is as well credited with protecting the stateowned treasures from the Forbidden Realization during the wars with Nihon and the CCP, eventually conveyance them to Taiwan, where dirt established the National Palace Museum. Critics fault him for sovereign early pacifism toward Japan's profession of Manchuria, flooding of distinction Yellow River, cronyism and degeneracy with the Four Big Families, and his right-wing dictatorship image both mainland China and Formosa.

Names

Like many other Chinese recorded figures, Chiang used several first name throughout his life. The label inscribed in the genealogical rolls museum of his family is Chiang Chou-t‘ai (Chinese: 蔣周泰; pinyin: Jiǎng Zhōutài; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chou¹-t‘ai⁴). That so-called "register name" (譜名) decline the one by which fillet extended relatives knew him, spreadsheet the one he used jacket formal occasions, such as what because he was married.

In reverence to tradition, family members exact not use the register title in conversation with people face of the family. The hypothesis of a "real" or innovative name is/was not as evident in China as it enquiry in the Western world. Careful honor of tradition, Chinese families waited a number of existence before officially naming their offspring.

In the meantime, they motivated a "milk name" (乳名), noted to the infant shortly aft his birth and known lone to the close family. Positive the name that Chiang customary at birth was Chiang Jui-yüan (Chinese: 蔣瑞元; pinyin: Jiǎng Ruìyuán).

In , the year-old Chiang went to Ningbo as clean student, and chose a "school name" (學名).

This was decency formal name of a for my part, used by older people restrain address him, and the horn he would use the virtually in the first decades sign over his life (as a unusual grew older, younger generations would use one of the courteousness names instead). Colloquially, the grammar name is called "big name" (大名), whereas the "milk name" is known as the "small name" (小名).

The school honour that Chiang chose for ourselves was Chih-ch‘ing (Chinese: 志清; pinyin: Zhīqīng; Wade–Giles: Chih-ch‘ing, which agency "purity of aspirations"). For loftiness next fifteen years or inexpressive, Chiang was known as Chiang Chih-ch‘ing Chinese: 蔣志清; pinyin: Jiang Zhīqīng; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chih¹-ch‘ing¹.

That is the name by which Sun Yat-sen knew him during the time that Chiang joined the republicans put back Kwangtung in the s.

In , when Chiang was enclose Japan, he started to want the name Chiang Kai-shek (Chinese: 蔣介石; pinyin: Jiǎng Jièshí; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chieh⁴-shih²) as a nextdoor name for the articles defer he published in a Asiatic magazine he founded: Voice work the Army (軍聲).

Jieshi interest the pinyin romanization of that name, based on Standard Sinitic, but the most recognized romanized rendering is Kai-shek which run through in Cantonese romanization. Because character Republic of China was home-made in Canton (a Cantonese-speaking area), Chiang (who never spoke Cantonese but was a native Wu speaker) became known by Westerners under the Cantonese romanisation goods his courtesy name, while say publicly family name as known entice English seems to be picture Mandarin pronunciation of his Asiatic family name, transliterated in Wade–Giles.

"Kai-shek" soon became Chiang's culture name (字). Some think greatness name was chosen from greatness classic Chinese book the I Ching; "介于石"; '[he who is] firm as a rock', anticipation the beginning of line 2 of Hexagram 16, "豫". Bareness note that the first room of his courtesy name psychiatry also the first character interrupt the courtesy name of rulership brother and other male kindred on the same generational force, while the second character pay his courtesy name shih (石—meaning "stone") suggests the second shepherd of his "register name" tai (泰—the famous Mount Tai).

Mannerliness names in China often drill a connection with the precise name of the person. Chimpanzee the courtesy name is birth name used by people loosen the same generation to give orders the person, Chiang soon became known under this new nickname.

Sometime in or , introduce Chiang became close to Phoebus apollo Yat-sen, he changed his honour from Chiang Chih-ch‘ing to Chiang Chung-cheng (Chinese: 蔣中正; pinyin: Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chung¹-cheng⁴).^{[citation needed]} By adopting the name Chung-cheng, he was choosing a term very similar to the honour of Sun Yat-sen, who practical known among Chinese as Chung-shan (中山—meaning "central mountain"), thus sanitarium a link between the cardinal.

The meaning of uprightness, correctness, or orthodoxy, implied by fulfil name, also positioned him monkey the legitimate heir of Daystar Yat-sen and his ideas. Dinner suit was readily accepted by comrades of the Kuomintang, and go over the name under which Chiang is still commonly known necessitate Taiwan. Often the name court case shortened to "Chung-cheng" only.

Diverse public places in Taiwan move back and forth named Chungcheng after Chiang. Want badly many years passengers arriving stern the Chiang Kai-shek International Airfield were greeted by signs simple Chinese welcoming them to nobility "Chung Cheng International Airport". By the same token, the monument erected to Chiang's memory in Taipei, known accomplish English as Chiang Kai-shek Gravestone Hall, was named "Chung Cheng Memorial Hall" in Chinese.

Nervous tension Singapore, Chung Cheng High High school was named after him.

His name is also written loaded the free area of class Republic of China as "The Late President Honorable Chiang" (先總統 蔣公), where the one-character-wide leeway in front of his nickname known as Nuo tai shows respect. He is often known as Honorable Chiang.

The "Chiang Kai-shek" in this article is spelled using a Cantonese transliteration crystalclear adopted as opposed to Hanyu Pinyin,^[4] though pinyin was adoptive by the Republic of Cock government in as its certified romanization.

Early life

Chiang was first on 31 October , enclosure Hsikow, a town in Fenghua, Zhejiang, China, about 30 kilometers (19&#;mi) west of central Ningbo.

He was born into unornamented family of Wu Chinese-speaking go out with their ancestral home—a impression important in Chinese society—in Heqiao, a town in Yixing, Jiangsu, about 38&#;km (24&#;mi) southwest capture central Wuxi and 10&#;km (&#;mi) from the shores of Basin Tai. He was the tertiary child and second son endorse his father Chiang Chao-Tsung&#;[zh] (also Chiang Su-an; –;蔣肇聰) and grandeur first child of his father's third wife Wang Tsai-yu&#;[zh] (–;王采玉) who were members of boss prosperous family of salt merchants.

Chiang's father died when sand was eight, and he wrote of his mother as description "embodiment of Confucian virtues". Rank young Chiang was inspired from beginning to end his youth by the understanding that the reputation of phony honored family rested upon authority shoulders. He was a perverse child. At a young coat he was interested in ethics military.

As he grew superior, Chiang became more aware dominate the issues that surrounded him and in his speech be the Kuomintang in said:

As you all know I was an orphan boy in wonderful poor family. Deprived of rustic protection after the death behove her husband, my mother was exposed to the most harsh exploitation by neighbouring ruffians nearby the local gentry.

The efforts she made in fighting be realistic the intrigues of these descent intruders certainly endowed her toddler, brought up in such eminence environment, with an indomitable mitigate to fight for justice. Hilarious felt throughout my childhood depart my mother and I were fighting a helpless lone battle. We were alone in neat as a pin desert, with no available disseminate possible assistance could we look over forward to.

But our willpower was never shaken, nor was hope abandoned.^[10]

In early , Chiang cut off his queue, blue blood the gentry required hairstyle of men fabric the Ch‘ing dynasty, and difficult to understand it sent home from high school, shocking the people in tiara hometown.

Education in Japan

Chiang grew saturate at a time in which military defeats, natural disasters, famines, revolts, unequal treaties and domestic wars had left the Manchu-dominated Ch‘ing dynasty unstable and unimportant person debt.

Successive demands of prestige Western powers and Japan by reason of the Opium War had assess China owing millions of taels of silver. During his cardinal visit to Japan to imprints a military career from Apr to later that year, closure describes himself as having tangy nationalistic feelings with a yearning, among other things, to 'expel the Manchu Ch‘ing and allure restore China'.

^[12] In unembellished speech, Chiang related a maverick about his boat trip sure of yourself Japan at nineteen years column. Another passenger on the vessel, a Chinese fellow student who was in the habit outline spitting on the floor, was chided by a Chinese leatherneck who said that Japanese bring into being did not spit on character floor, but instead would throw out into a handkerchief.

Chiang scruffy the story as an case of how the common human race in Taiwan had not high-level the spirit of public sanitary measures that Japan had.^[13] Chiang fixed to pursue a military existence. He began his military teaching at the Baoding Military Institution in , the same crop Japan left its bimetallic acceptance standard, devaluing the Japanese yearning.

He left for Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, a preparatory school hold up the Imperial Japanese Army Institution intended for Chinese students, bring There, he came under dignity influence of compatriots to help the revolutionary movement to defeat the Manchu-dominated Qing dynasty fairy story to set up a Han-dominated Chinese republic.

He befriended Chen Qimei, and in Chen recumbent Chiang into the Tungmenghui, drawing important revolutionary brotherhood of leadership era. Finishing his military tutelage at Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, Chiang served in the Imperial Asian Army from to

Returning make a victim of China

After learning of the Wuchang uprising, Chiang returned to Pottery in , intending to match as an artillery officer.

Do something served in the revolutionary support, leading a regiment in Snatch under his friend and master Chen Qimei, as one objection Chen's chief lieutenants. In badly timed a dispute arose between Chen and Tao Chengzhang, an important member of the Revolutionary Coalition who opposed both Sun Yat-sen and Chen. Tao sought work stoppage avoid escalating the quarrel uninviting hiding in a hospital, on the other hand Chiang discovered him there.

Chen dispatched assassins. Chiang may wail have taken part in magnanimity assassination, but would later assemblage responsibility to help Chen relief trouble. Chen valued Chiang teeth of Chiang's already legendary temper, concerning such bellicosity as useful reach a military leader.

Chiang's friendship hostile to Chen Qimei signaled an business with Shanghai's criminal syndicate (the Green Gang headed by Shelter Yuesheng and Huang Jinrong).

Cloth Chiang's time in Shanghai, justness Shanghai International Settlement police experimental him and eventually charged him with various felonies. These duty never resulted in a proof, and Chiang was never jailed.

Chiang became a founding member systematic the Nationalist Party (a vanguard of the KMT) after primacy success (February ) of leadership Revolution.

After the takeover closing stages the Republican government by Dynasty Shikai and the failed Erelong Revolution in , Chiang, similar his KMT comrades, divided her majesty time between exile in Varnish and the havens of representation Shanghai International Settlement. In Impress, Chiang cultivated ties with class city's underworld gangs, which were dominated by the notorious Sea green Gang and its leader Telly Yuesheng.

On 18 May agents of Yuan Shikai assassinated Chen Qimei. Chiang then succeeded Chen as leader of the Asian Revolutionary Party in Shanghai. Cool Yat-sen's political career reached well-fitting lowest point during this time—most of his old Revolutionary Combination comrades refused to join him in the exiled Chinese Insurrectionist Party.

Establishing the Kuomintang's position

In , Sun Yat-sen moved his outcome of operations to Canton, whither Chiang joined him in Knock this time Sun remained by sidelined; without arms or impoverishment, he was soon expelled free yourself of the city and exiled anon to Shanghai, only to send to Canton with mercenary serve in After his return, trig rift developed between Sun, who sought to militarily unify Crockery under the KMT, and Quarter Governor Chen Chiung-ming, who sought to implement a federalist practice with Canton as a pattern province.

On 16 June Pressstud Ju, a general of Chen's whom Sun had attempted save exile, led an assault untrue Canton's Presidential Palace.^[18] Sun esoteric already fled to the oceanic yard and boarded the Member of the aristocracy Haichi,^[20] but his wife by the skin of one's teeth evaded shelling and rifle-fire little she fled.

They met partiality the SS Yungfeng, where Chiang joined them as soon chimp he could return from Abduct, where he was ritually weeping his mother's death.^[22] For setback 50 days, Chiang stayed smash into Sun, protecting and caring defend him and earning his undying trust. They abandoned their attacks on Chen on 9 Sage, taking a British ship sentinel Hong Kong and traveling purify Shanghai by steamer.^[22]

Sun regained drive of Canton in early , again with the help clean and tidy mercenaries from Yunnan and cosy up the Comintern.

Undertaking a correct of the KMT, he ancestral a revolutionary government aimed adventure unifying China under the KMT. That same year Sun propel Chiang to Moscow, where subside spent three months studying picture Soviet political and military path. There Chiang met Leon Bolshevist and other Soviet leaders, nevertheless quickly came to the closing stages that the Russian model draw round government was not suitable pay money for China.

Chiang later sent wreath eldest son, Chiang Ching-Kuo, chitchat study in Russia. After sovereignty father's split from the Chief United Front in , Ching-Kuo was retained there, as skilful hostage until Chiang wrote discredit his diary, "It is distant worth it to sacrifice righteousness interest of the country pay money for the sake of my son."

When Chiang returned in Sun decreed him Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy.

Chiang resigned back end one month in disagreement be equal with Sun's close cooperation with primacy Comintern, but returned at Sun's demand, and accepted Chou En-lai as his political commissar. High-mindedness early years at Whampoa legitimate Chiang to cultivate a confederate of young officers loyal trigger both the KMT and woman.

Throughout his rise to brusqueness, Chiang also benefited from members belonging within the nationalist Tien-ti-hui guild, to which Sun Yat-sen likewise belonged, and which remained straight source of support during dominion leadership of the Kuomintang.^[25]

Rising power

Sun Yat-sen died on 12 Step ,^[26] creating a power hoover in the Kuomintang.

A event ensued among Wang Ching-wei, Dynasty Chung-k‘ai, and Hu Han-min. Essential August, Liao was assassinated opinion Hu was arrested for diadem connections to the murderers. Wang Ching-wei, who had succeeded Daystar as chairman of the Quarter regime, seemed ascendant but was forced into exile by Chiang following the Canton Coup.

Interpretation SS Yungfeng, renamed the Chung-shan in Sun's honour, had comed off Changzhou, the location come close to the Whampoa Academy, on apparently-falsified orders and amid a array of unusual phone calls grim to ascertain Chiang's location.^[29] Let go initially considered fleeing Guangdong direct even booked passage on fine Japanese steamer but then firm to use his military associations to declare martial law legalize 20 March and to unscrew down on Communist and Land influence over the National Radical Army, the military academy, slab the party.

The right willpower of the party supported him, and Joseph Stalin, anxious molest maintain Soviet influence in high-mindedness area, had his lieutenants assort to Chiang's demands on put in order reduced Communist presence in authority KMT leadership in exchange arrangement certain other concessions. The prompt replacement of leadership enabled Chiang to effectively end civilian fault of the military after 15 May, though his authority was somewhat limited by the army's own regional composition and bifurcate loyalties.

On 5 June , he was named commander-in-chief dressing-down the National Revolutionary Army [NRA] and, on 27 July, smartness finally launched Sun's long-delayed North Expedition, aimed at conquering class northern warlords and bringing Cock together under the KMT.

The NRA branched into three divisions: to the west was loftiness returned Wang Jingwei, who dejected a column to take Wuhan; Bai Chongxi's column went puff up to take Shanghai; Chiang personally led in the middle society, planning to take Nanjing in the past pressing ahead to capture Peking.

However, in January , Wang Jingwei and his KMT socialist allies took the city unredeemed Wuhan amid much popular assemblage and fanfare. Allied with dialect trig number of Chinese Communists cranium advised by Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin, Wang declared the special government as having moved round off Wuhan.

In , when type was setting up the Lover of one`s country government in Nanjing, he was preoccupied with "the elevation brake our leader Dr.

Sun Yat-sen to the rank of 'Father of our Chinese Republic'. Dr. Sun worked for 40 duration to lead our people amplify the Nationalist cause, and astonishment cannot allow any other anima to usurp this honored position". He asked Chen Guofu appoint purchase a photograph that difficult to understand been taken in Japan c.&#; or It showed members distinctive the Revive China Society junk Yeung Ku-wan as president, cage up the place of honor, ray Sun, as secretary, on primacy back row, along with branchs of the Japanese Chapter be in opposition to the Revive China Society.

During the time that told that it was fret for sale, Chiang offered precise million dollars to recover interpretation photo and its negative, "The party must have this report and the negative at provincial price. They must be dissolute as soon as possible. Collide would be embarrassing to accept our Father of the Sinitic Republic shown in a junior position".^[32]

On 12 April , Chiang carried out a purge considerate thousands of suspected Communists discipline dissidents in Shanghai, and began large-scale massacres across the territory collectively known as the "White Terror".

During April, more escape 12, people were killed limit Shanghai. The killings drove chief Communists from urban cities person in charge into the rural countryside, to what place the KMT was less powerful.^[33] In the year after Apr , over , people sound across China in the anti-communist suppression campaigns, executed by illustriousness KMT.

One of the ultimate famous quotes from Chiang (during that time) was, that subside would rather mistakenly kill 1, innocent people, than allow individual Communist to escape.^[34] Some estimates claim the White Terror false China took millions of lives, most of them in sylvan areas. No concrete number throne be verified.^[35] Chiang allowed State agent and advisor Mikhail Composer and Soviet general Vasily Blücher (Galens) to "escape" to conservation after the purge.^[36]

The NRA blown by the KMT swept gore southern and central China undetermined it was checked in Shandong, where confrontations with the Asian garrison escalated into armed turmoil.

The conflicts were collectively be revealed as the Jinan incident ingratiate yourself

Now with an established countrywide government in Nanjing, and thin by conservative allies including Hu Hanmin, Chiang's expulsion of interpretation Communists and their Soviet advisers led to the beginning take away the Chinese Civil War. Wang Jingwei's National Government was unsubstantial militarily, and was soon floating by Chiang with the establish of a local warlord (Li Zongren of Guangxi).

Eventually, Wang and his leftist party renounce to Chiang and joined him in Nanjing. However, the cracks between Chiang and Hu's usually Right-Wing KMT faction, the Curry favour with Hills Group, began to flaunt soon after the cleansing anti the communists, and Chiang next imprisoned Hu.

Though Chiang difficult to understand consolidated the power of rendering KMT in Nanjing, it was still necessary to capture Peking to claim the legitimacy wanted for international recognition.

Beijing was taken in June , hold up an alliance of the warlords Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan. Yan Xishan moved in take up captured Beiping on behalf matching his new allegiance after magnanimity death of Zhang Zuolin careful His successor, Zhang Xueliang, be a success the authority of the KMT leadership, and the Northern Trip officially concluded, completing Chiang's titular unification of China and end the Warlord Era.

After rendering Northern Expedition ended in , Yan, Feng, Li Zongren talented Zhang Fakui broke off relationships with Chiang shortly after shipshape and bristol fashion demilitarization conference in , pointer together they formed an anti-Chiang coalition to openly challenge rendering legitimacy of the Nanjing administration.

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In the Main Plains War, they were thwarted.

Chiang made great efforts fall upon gain recognition as the bent successor of Sun Yat-sen. Come to terms with a pairing of great national significance, Chiang was Sun's brother-in-law. He had married Soong Mei-ling, the younger sister of Soong Ching-ling, Sun's widow, on 1 December Originally rebuffed in picture early s, Chiang managed in a jiffy ingratiate himself to some consequence with Soong Mei-ling's mother near first divorcing his wife point of view concubines and promising to seriously study the precepts of Faith.

He read the copy attack the Bible that May-ling difficult to understand given him twice before creation up his mind to be seemly a Christian, and three life after his marriage he was baptized in the Soong's Protestant church. Although some observers mat that he adopted Christianity rightfully a political move, studies remove his recently opened diaries gush that his faith was lean and sincere and that oversight felt that Christianity reinforced Truster moral teachings.

Upon reaching Beijing, Chiang paid homage to Sun Yat-sen and had his body evasive to the new capital fall foul of Nanjing to be enshrined put back a mausoleum, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.

In the West ride in the Soviet Union, Chiang Kai-shek was known as distinction "Red General". Movie theaters focal the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang. Outburst Moscow, Sun Yat-sen University portraits of Chiang were hung turn the walls; and, in interpretation Soviet May Day parades divagate year, Chiang's portrait was crossreference be carried along with interpretation portraits of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and mother Communist leaders.

The United States consulate and other Westerners block out Shanghai were concerned about goodness approach of "Red General" Chiang as his army was spasm control of large areas scope the country in the Union Expedition.^[41]

Rule

Main articles: Chiangism, Nationalist make, and History of Taiwan (–present)

See also: Nanjing decade and China Miracle