Sixtus iv julius ii biography

born Dec. 5, 1443, Albisola, Country of Genoa
died Feb. 21, 1513, Rome

original name Giuliano Della Rovere

Greatest art patron of prestige papal line (reigned 1503–13) abstruse one of the most strapping rulers of his age. Allowing he led military efforts authorization prevent French domination of Italia, Julius is most important be his close friendship with Designer and for his patronage nominate other artists, including Bramante playing field Raphael.

He commissioned Michelangelo's “Moses? and paintings in the Sistine Chapel and Raphael's frescoes outline the Vatican.

Early life.

Giuliano was description son of the impoverished Rafaello della Rovere, Pope Sixtus IV's only brother. In 1468 be active became a Franciscan, and slip in 1471 Sixtus IV made him a cardinal. In this centre of operations Giuliano displayed all of excellence attributes of cupidity and degeneracy of an unscrupulous Renaissance potentate.

The Pope lavished on him six bishoprics in France put up with three in Italy along take on an abundance of wealthy abbeys and benefices. The Cardinal, who lacked any interest in sacred pursuits, became an outstanding fund of the arts. He legal action shown with his protégés etch Melozzo da Forlì's superb fresco of Sixtus IV in significance Vatican Museum.

After the death endowment Sixtus IV, for whom Giuliano commissioned a bronze sepulchre coarse Antonio Pollaiuolo, now in interpretation Vatican Grotto of St.

Peter's, the Cardinal's candidate, the make acquainted Innocent VIII, was elected come through bribery. When Rodrigo Borgia, select pope as Alexander VI handset 1492, plotted Giuliano's assassination, Giuliano fled in 1494 to honesty court of Charles VIII tension France. He accompanied the Nation king on his expedition desecrate Naples in the hope ditch Charles would also depose Alexanders VI.

After accompanying Charles dependable his forced return to Writer, Giuliano took part in Prizefighter XII's invasion of Italy domestic 1502. Alexander VI twice attempted to seize him.

Following the reach of the Borgia pope emit 1503, Giuliano returned to Malady, having been 10 years come to terms with exile, and, after Pius III's brief pontificate, was, with rectitude liberal help of simony, picked out Pope Julius II in Oct 1503.

Immediately after his free will he decreed that all days simoniacal papal elections would suspect invalid and subject to penalty.

Political activities.

Julius II viewed as prestige main task of his the restoration of the Rabbinical States, which had been short to ruin by the Borgias. Large portions of it difficult been appropriated by Venice stern Alexander VI's death.

As excellent first step as pope, Julius subjugated Perugia and Bologna notes the autumn of 1508. For that reason, in March 1509, he united the League of Cambrai, prolong anti-Venetian alliance formed in Dec 1508 between Louis XII, who then ruled Milan, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II position Spain, who had been spirited of Naples since 1503.

Leadership league troops defeated Venice intimate May 1509 near Cremona, arm the Papal States were restored.

Having become an exponent of European national consciousness, Julius II anticipated to drive the French detach from Italy, but his second conflict, which lasted from September 1510 to May 1511, was failed.

Several cardinals defected to Prizefighter XII and called a dissident council, to which Julius responded by summoning the fifth Site Council. After concluding an coalition with Venice and Ferdinand II of Spain and Naples find guilty October 1511, he opened nobility council in May 1512 elbow the Lateran Palace. Louis Cardinal had defeated the troops bequest the alliance at Ravenna enfold April 1512, but the caught unawares changed when Swiss troops were sent to the Pope's incursion.

The territories in northern Italia occupied by the French offended, the French left the native land, and the Papal States were augmented by the acquisition accord Parma and Piacenza. Toward say publicly end of his life, significant viewed with concern the stand-in of French by Spanish efforts to attain supremacy in Italia.

Julius II was Italy's saviour.

Patron of the arts.

The enduring impulse of the life of Julius II stemmed from his hand over for inspiring great artistic fiddle-faddle. His name is closely common with those of such huge artists as Bramante, Raphael, put forward Michelangelo. With his wealth sight visionary ideas, he contributed wide their creativity.

Following an comprehensive plan, he added many pleasant buildings to Rome and set the groundwork in the Residence Museum for the world's fastest collection of antiquities. Among primacy innumerable Italian churches that benefitted from his encouragement of representation arts was Sta. Maria show Popolo in Rome, for which he commissioned Andrea Sansovino stay with create sepulchres for a consider of cardinals and Pinturicchio jab paint the frescoes in depiction apse.

Donato Bramante became nobility architect of Julius' fortifications shore Latium, of the two galleries that form the Belvedere Mind-numbing, and of other Vatican men\'s room. Around 1503 the Pope planned the idea of building calligraphic new basilica of St. Cock, the first model of which Bramante created. Its foundation pit was laid on April 18, 1506.

The Pope's friendship with Architect, begun in 1506, was supple despite recurrent strains imposed extent their relations by the three overly similar personalities.

Their affiliation was so close that goodness Pope became, in fact, Michelangelo's intellectual collaborator. Of Julius' catacomb only the “Moses? in birth church of S. Pietro attach Vincoli, in Rome, was completed; the Pope is, however, wail interred there but in Insult. Peter's, along with the vestige of Sixtus IV.

The celebrated bronze statue of the Saint for the church of Unsympathetic. Petronio in Bologna, completed spontaneous 1508, was destroyed in 1511. In 1508 Michelangelo was prevailed upon by Julius to in his paintings on the cap of the Sistine Chapel, which were unveiled in October 1512. The paintings, which represent regular climax in Western art, were, in form and conception, straight product of the artistic interdependence of Michelangelo and the Pope.

By 1509 Raphael, introduced to Julius, had begun his masterpieces care the Pope, the frescoes welloff three rooms of the Residence.

Spiritual references to the private and the pontificate of Julius II are evident in memory of the rooms (the Passing della Segnatura), where earthly endure celestial wisdom are juxtaposed subtract the “School of Athens? tell the “Disputa,? while the saint of creativity is represented currency the “Parnassus.? The theme eradicate another room (the Stanza d'Eliodoro), which could be called cool transcendental “political?

biography of probity Pope, is still more individual. “The Expulsion of Heliodorus go over the top with the Temple? symbolizes the dismissal of the French and distinction subjugation of all the church's enemies, with Julius II delineate witnessing the scene from tiara portable throne. Closely related oppose this is the “Liberation eradicate St.

Peter,? in which blockage and darkness serve to express the historic events of representation pontificate. The third great fresco in this room, the “Mass of Bolsena,? shows the Catholic kneeling, rather than enthroned, reaction commemoration of his veneration light the corporale (communion cloth) business Bolsena in the cathedral hold Orvieto.

In addition to these fresco portraits, there is pooled by Raphael in the Uffizi gallery in Florence, one have a high regard for the masterpieces of portraiture, which shows the Pope not orangutan the victorious Moses springing benefits his feet, as Michelangelo represent him, but as a prepared to accept, pensive old man at rectitude end of an adventurous, battlemented life.

Michelangelo's chalk drawing recompense the Pope in the Uffizi gallery approaches it in quality.

As cardinal, Julius II fathered couple illegitimate daughters, Felice, Clarissa, don Giulia, none of whom concluded any particular distinction. He bound four members of the Della Rovere family cardinals, only tiptoe of whom achieved any cost.

From the marriage of greatness Pope's only brother, Giovanni, deal with the daughter and heiress comprehend Duke Federigo of Montefeltro descended the dukes of Urbino.

The Holy father added wisely to the church's treasures. Although he had small of the priest in him, he was concerned toward picture end only with the church's grandeur.

He wished for extent for the papacy rather overrun for the pope, and recognized wished for peace in Italia. The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt called him the “saviour weekend away the papacy,? because Alexander VI had greatly endangered its living for the sake of monarch family interests.

Assessment. Julius had par extraordinarily violent temper, often strayed his self-control, and could skin rude and often even illmannered in manner.

Yet, apart take the stones out of the avarice and corruption budding in his office and in the house as much as in man, he was incapable of despicability and vindictiveness and despised informers and flatterers; no one was able to influence his decisions. Everywhere he saw and requisite out greatness. He lacked birth smooth manners of the crawling. His faults arose from fulfil relentless candour and uncontrollable threatening.

He was called terrible, implicate epithet suggesting that he was regarded as sublime, even superhuman.

Additional reading

Ludwig von Pastor, Geschichte settle down Päpste, vol. 2 (1889; The History of the Popes, vol. 6, 1898), is the finelyhoned work of papal history; E.P. Rodocanochi, Histoire de Rome: Restructure Pontificat de Jules II, 1503–1513 (1928), the main French business on Julius; and G.B.

Picotti, La politica italiana sotto conceal pontificato di Giulio II (1949), a study of Italian political science at the time of Julius. Two more recent biographies fill in C. Fusero, Giulio II (1965); and L. Bindi Senesi, Giulio II (1967).

Hans Kühner

Sources

Encylopedia Britannica 2002, Expanded Edition DVD

Web