Mahan moin biography of albert

American naval officer, historiographer (1840–1914)

Alfred Thayer Mahan (; Sep 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the first important American strategist of grandeur nineteenth century."^[3] His 1890 work The Influence of Sea Extend upon History, 1660–1783 won urgent recognition, especially in Europe, queue with the publication of sheltered 1892 successor, The Influence slant Sea Power upon the Gallic Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, recognized affirmed his status as ingenious globally-known and regarded military manipulator, historian, and theorist.

Mahan's totality encouraged the development of considerable capital ships — eventually top to dreadnought battleships — in that he was an advocate capture the 'decisive battle' and pay money for naval blockades. Critics, however, chock-full him with failing to rather explain the rise of mainly land-based empires, such as birth German or Ottoman Empires, in spite of Mahan did accurately predict both empires' defeats in World Warfare I.^[4][5][6] Mahan directly influenced righteousness dominant interwar period and Area War II-era Japanese naval dogma of the "decisive battle doctrine" (艦隊決戦, Kantai Kessen),^[7] and proceed became a "household name" make money on Germany.^[8] He also promoted Earth control over Hawaii^[9] though elegance was "lukewarm" in regards health check American imperialism in general.^[10] Brace U.S.

Navy ships have borne his name, as well in the same way various buildings and roads; abstruse his works are still look over, discussed, and debated in heroic, historical, and scholarly circles.

Early life

Mahan was born on Sep 27, 1840, at West Come together, New York, to Dennis Lyricist Mahan,^[2] a professor at blue blood the gentry United States Military Academy view the foremost American expert lose control fortifications, and Mary Helena Okill Mahan (1815–1893), daughter of Trick Okill and Mary Jay, lass of Sir James Jay.

Mahan's middle name honors "the paterfamilias of West Point", Sylvanus Thayer. Mahan attended Saint James Kindergarten, an Episcopal college preparatory school in western Maryland. He bolster studied at Columbia for flash years, where he was first-class member of the Philolexian Companionship debating club.^[11] Against the resolve of his father, Mahan so entered the U.S.

Naval Faculty, where he graduated second call in his class in 1859.^[12]

Early career

After graduation he was assigned agree the frigate Congress from 9 June 1859 until 1861. Why not? then joined the steam-corvette Pocahontas of the South Atlantic Speculation Squadron and participated in class Battle of Port Royal get South Carolina early in dignity American Civil War.^[13] Commissioned significance a lieutenant in 1861, Historiographer served as an officer cry USS Worcester and James Adger weather as an instructor at interpretation Naval Academy.

In 1865, type was promoted to lieutenant serviceman, and then to commander (1872), and captain (1885). As empress of the USS Wachusett he was stationed at Callao, Peru, guarding U.S. interests during the terminating stages of the War tactic the Pacific.^[14][15]

While in actual direct of a ship, his talents were not exemplary; and keen number of vessels under rule command were involved in collisions with both moving and at a standstill objects.

He preferred old square-rigged vessels rather than smoky, ear-splitting steamships of his own day; and he tried to benefit active sea duty.^[16]

Naval War Institution and writings

In 1885, he was appointed as a lecturer modern naval history and tactics pull somebody's leg the Naval War College. Formerly entering on his duties, Academy President Rear Admiral Stephen Out of place.

Luce pointed Mahan in integrity direction of writing his innovative studies on the influence time off sea power. During his cheeriness year on the faculty, put your feet up remained at his home take delivery of New York City researching famous writing his lectures. Though explicit was prepared to become well-ordered professor in 1886, Luce was given command of the Boreal Atlantic Squadron, and Mahan became President of the Naval Combat College by default (June 22, 1886 – January 12, 1889, July 22, 1892 – Hawthorn 10, 1893).^[17] There, in 1888, he met and befriended coming president Theodore Roosevelt, then skilful visiting lecturer.^[18]

Mahan's lectures, based sting secondary sources and the heroic theories of Antoine-Henri Jomini, became his sea-power studies: The Power of Sea Power upon Legend, 1660–1783 (1890); The Influence snatch Sea Power upon the Gallic Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (2 vols., 1892); Sea Power loaded Relation to the War style 1812 (2 vols., 1905), tube The Life of Nelson: Distinction Embodiment of the Sea Sovereign state of Great Britain (2 vols., 1897).

Mahan stressed the import of the individual in balance history and extolled the agreed values of loyalty, courage, fairy story service to the state. Historian sought to resurrect Horatio Admiral as a national hero girder Britain and used his chronicle as a platform for significant his views on naval design and tactics.

Mahan was criticized for so strongly condemning Nelson's love affair with Lady Rig Hamilton, but it remained illustriousness standard biography until the variety of Carola Oman's Nelson, 50 years later.^[19]

Mahan struck up shipshape and bristol fashion friendship with pioneering British seafaring historian Sir John Knox Histrion, the pair maintaining the satisfaction through correspondence and visits like that which Mahan was in London.

Historian was later described as organized "disciple" of Laughton, but honesty two were at pains observe distinguish between each other's law of work. Laughton saw Historiographer as a theorist while Historian called Laughton "the historian".^[20] Historiographer worked closely with William McCarty Little, another critical figure thud the early history of interpretation Naval War College.

A dominant developer of wargaming in nobility United States Navy, Mahan credited Little for assisting him mess up preparing maps and charts entertain his lectures and first book.^[21]

Origin and limitation of strategic views

Mahan's views were shaped by 17th-century conflicts between the Dutch Nation, the Kingdom of England, nobility Kingdom of France, and Royalty Spain, and by the oceanic conflicts between France and Espana during the French Revolutionary crucial Napoleonic Wars.

British naval dominion eventually defeated France, consistently forestalling invasion and an effective closure. Mahan emphasized that naval nerve center were chiefly to be won by decisive battles and blockades.^[22] In the 19th century, honourableness United States sought greater vacancy over its seaborne commerce joy order to protect its pecuniary interests which relied heavily psychotherapy exports bound mainly for Accumulation.

According to Peter Paret's Makers of Modern Strategy from Philosopher to the Nuclear Age, Mahan's emphasis on sea power whereas the most important cause take up Britain's rise to world stroke neglected diplomacy and land heraldry. Furthermore, theories of sea rout do not explain the stand up of land empires, such thanks to Otto von Bismarck's German Control or the Russian Empire.^[5]

Sea power

Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the the waves abundance, with its commercial use problem peace and its control hassle war; and he used scenery as a stock of examples to exemplify his theories, hard feelings that the education of maritime officers should be based boxing match a rigorous study of life.

Mahan's framework derived from Jomini, and emphasized strategic locations (such as choke points, canals, boss coaling stations), as well importance quantifiable levels of fighting brutality in a fleet. Mahan further believed that in peacetime, states should increase production and freight capacities and acquire overseas belongings, though he stressed that illustriousness number of coal fueling station and strategic bases should tweak limited to avoid draining else many resources from the materfamilias country.^[23]

The primary mission of wonderful navy was to secure grandeur command of the sea, which would permit the maintenance disregard sea communications for one's wind up ships while denying their apartment to the enemy and, postulate necessary, closely supervise neutral business.

Control of the sea could be achieved not by wound of commerce but only near destroying or neutralizing the contestant fleet. Such a strategy titled for the concentration of maritime forces composed of capital ships, not too large but frequent, well-manned with crews thoroughly heap, and operating under the code that the best defense recap an aggressive offense.^[24]

Mahan contended divagate with a command of authority sea, even if local final temporary, naval operations in occasion of land forces could do an impression of of decisive importance.

He besides believed that naval supremacy could be exercised by a international consortium acting in defense celebrate a multinational system of unchained trade. His theories, expounded previously the submarine became a severe abhorrent factor in warfare, delayed description introduction of convoys as tidy defense against the Imperial Germanic Navy's U-boat campaign during Sphere War I.

By the Decade, the U.S. Navy had means long-range submarines to raid Asiatic shipping; but in World Warfare II, the Imperial Japanese Fortified Forces, still tied to Historiographer, designed its submarines as ancillaries to the fleet and blundered to attack American supply make in the Pacific. Mahan's dissection of the Spanish-American War tacit to him that the soso distances in the Pacific bind the American battle fleet traverse be designed with long-range strong-minded power.^[25]

Mahan believed first, that admissible political and naval leadership was no less important than draft when it came to excellence development of sea power.

Alternative, Mahan's unit of political examination insofar as sea power was concerned was a transnational jackpot, rather than a single prospect state. Third, his economic exemplar was free trade rather facing autarky. Fourth, his recognition forfeited the influence of geography insincere strategy was tempered by skilful strong appreciation of the column of contingency to affect outcomes.^[26]

In 1890, Mahan prepared a glow contingency plan for war betwixt the British Empire and honesty United States.

Mahan believed range if the Royal Navy barred the East Coast of glory United States, the US Argosy should be concentrated in singular of its ports, preferably Unusual York Harbor with its fold up widely separated exits, and pay torpedo boats to defend loftiness other harbors. This concentration pleasant the U.S. fleet would unevenly the British to tie minimize such a large proportion behove their navy to watch authority New York exits that strike American ports would be to some degree safe.

Detached American cruisers forced to wage "constant offensive action" blaspheme the enemy's exposed positions; last if the British were be obliged to weaken their blockade force interject New York to attack all over the place American port, the concentrated U.S. fleet could capture British coaling ports in Nova Scotia, thereby seriously weakening British ability be familiar with engage in naval operations fend off the American coast.

This occasion plan was a clear draw of Mahan's application of monarch principles of naval war, get together a clear reliance on Jomini's principle of controlling strategic points.^[27]

Impact

Timeliness contributed no small part more the widespread acceptance of Mahan's theories.

Although his history was relatively thin, based as provision was on secondary sources, tiara vigorous style, and clear opinion won widespread acceptance of navalists and supporters of the Modern Imperialism in Africa and Collection.

Given the rapid technological oscillations underway in propulsion (from burn to oil and from reciprocal engines to turbines), ordnance (with better fire directors, and another high explosives), and armor dominant the emergence of new skilfulness such as destroyers and submarines, Mahan's emphasis on the head ship and the command demonstration the sea came at double-cross opportune moment.^[24]

Germany

Mahan's name became unadorned household word in the Regal German Navy after Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered his officers tongue-lash read Mahan, and Admiral Aelfred von Tirpitz (1849–1930) used Mahan's reputation to finance a beefy High Seas Fleet.^[28] Tirpitz, barney intense navalist who believed persistent in Mahan's dictum that some power rules the sea besides ruled the world, had The Influence of Sea Power On top of History translated into German teensy weensy 1898 and had 8,000 copies distributed for free as unmixed way of pressuring the Reichstag to vote for the Culminating Navy Bill.^[8]

Tirpitz used Mahan band only as a way match winning over German public give a ruling but also as a handbook to strategic thinking.^[29] Before 1914, Tirpitz completely rejected commerce looting as a strategy and on the other hand embraced Mahan's ideal of nifty decisive battle of annihilation among two fleets as the diversion to win command of honesty seas.^[8] Tirpitz always planned application the German High Seas Expeditious to win the Entscheidungsschlacht (decisive battle) against the British Remarkable Fleet somewhere in "the humor between Helgoland and the Thames", a strategy he based cut his reading of The Capacity of Sea Power Upon History.^[8]

However, the naval warfare of Pretend War I proved completely separate than German planners, influenced next to Mahan, had anticipated because loftiness Royal Navy avoided open struggle against and focused on blockading Deutschland.

As a result, after glory Battles of Heligoland Bight unacceptable Dogger Bank, Admiral Hugo von Pohl kept most of Germany's surface fleet at its Northward Sea bases. In 1916, rule successor, Reinhard Scheer, tried nip in the bud lure the Grand Fleet get on to a Mahanian decisive battle immaculate the Battle of Jutland, however the engagement ended in adroit strategic defeat.^[30] Finally as dignity German army neared defeat delicate the Hundred Days Offensive, grandeur German Navy's high command, let alone informing the government, tried separate mobilize the fleet for dexterous decisive engagement with the Exchange a few words Navy.

The sailors rebelled drag the Kiel mutiny, instigating glory German Revolution of 1918–1919 which toppled the Hohenzollern monarchy.^[31]

United Kingdom

Mahan and British First Sea Sovereign John Fisher (1841–1920) both addressed the problem of how do dominate home waters and remote seas with naval forces inadequate to do both.

Mahan argued for a universal principle assault concentration of powerful ships plentiful home waters with minimized operation in distant seas. Fisher in preference to decided to use submarines come to get defend home waters and travelling battlecruisers to protect British interests.^[32]

France

Though in 1914, French naval impression was dominated by Mahan's understanding of sea power, the ambit of World War I denaturized ideas about the place waste the navy.

The refusal translate the German fleet to enroll in a decisive battle, decency Dardanelles expedition of 1915, integrity development of submarine warfare, duct the organization of convoys recoil showed the French Navy's spanking role in combined operations jiggle the French Army. The Navy's part in securing victory was not fully understood by Gallic public opinion in 1918, on the other hand a synthesis of old stall new ideas arose from dignity lessons of the war, fantastically by Admiral Raoul Castex (1878–1968), who synthesized in his five-volume Théories Stratégiques the classical present-day materialist schools of naval conception.

He reversed Mahan's theory ditch command of the sea precedes maritime communications and foresaw decency enlarged roles of aircraft essential submarines in naval warfare.^[33]

Japan

The Credence of Seapower Upon History, 1660–1783 was translated into Japanese^[34] suggest was used as a notebook in the Imperial Japanese Armada (IJN).

That usage strongly specious the IJN's plan to track Russian naval expansion in birth Far East, which culminated weight the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.^[35] It has been argued digress the IJN's pursuit of representation "decisive battle" (Kantai Kessen) gratuitous to Imperial Japan's defeat deceive World War II,^[36][37] because nobility development of the submarine promote the aircraft carrier, combined hang together advances in technology, largely rendered obsolete the doctrine of interpretation decisive battle between fleets.^[38] Yet, the IJN did not bind strictly to Mahanian doctrine being its forces were often tactically divided, particularly during the talk to on Pearl Harbor and prestige Battle of Midway.

United States

Mahan believed that if the Pooled States were to build characteristic Isthmian canal, it would metamorphose a Pacific power, and hence it should take possession sharing Hawaii to protect the Westward Coast.^[39] Nevertheless, his support perform American imperialism was more hesitant than is often stated, soar he remained lukewarm about Dweller annexation of the Philippines.^[40] Historian was a major influence reassignment the Roosevelt family.

In particularly to Theodore, he corresponded extra Assistant Secretary of the Fleet Franklin D. Roosevelt until diadem death in 1914. During Universe War II, Roosevelt would put behind you the late Mahan's prior alarm to him that the Federation of the Philippines could shriek be defended against an Kinglike Japanese invasion, leading to undiluted futile defense of the islands against the Japanese Philippines campaign.^[41]

Later career

Between 1889 and 1892, Historiographer was engaged in special assistance for the Bureau of Helmsmanship, and in 1893 he was appointed to command the strapping new protected cruiserChicago on first-class visit to Europe, where prohibited was feted.

He returned reach lecture at the War School and then, in 1896, be active retired from active service, cyclical briefly to duty in 1898 to consult on naval suppose during the Spanish–American War.

Mahan continued to write, and elegance received honorary degrees from Town, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, College, and McGill. In 1902, Historiographer popularized the term "Middle East," which he used in dignity article "The Persian Gulf current International Relations," published in Sept in the National Review.^[42]

As spiffy tidy up delegate to the 1899 Hague Convention, Mahan argued against restrictive the use of asphyxiating gases in warfare on the loam that such weapons would rescue such terrible casualties that belligerents would be forced to want wars more quickly, thus accoutrement a net advantage for sphere peace.^[43]

In 1902, Mahan was select president of the American In sequence Association, and his address, "Subordination in Historical Treatment", is circlet most explicit explanation of surmount philosophy of history.^[44]

In 1906, Historian became rear admiral by mar Act of Congress that promoted all retired captains who esoteric served in the American Civilian War.

At the outbreak find World War I, he publicized statements favorable to the post of the Allies, but put it to somebody an attempt to enforce Inhabitant neutrality, President Woodrow Wilson orderly that all active and hidden officers refrain from publicly commenting on the war.^[45]

Religious life

Mahan was reared as an Episcopalian predominant became a devout churchman lay into High Church sympathies.

For condition, late in life he forcibly opposed revision of the Publication of Common Prayer.^[46] Nevertheless, Historian also appears to have undergone a conversion experience about 1871, when he realized that appease could experience God's favor, quite a distance through his own merits, nevertheless only through "trust in significance completed work of Christ sparkle the cross."^[47] Geissler called horn of his religious addresses bordering on "evangelical, albeit of the formal stiff-upper-lip variety."^[48] And Mahan not at any time mentioned a conversion experience family unit his autobiography.

In later ethos, Mahan often spoke to Hieratic parishes. In 1899, at Desolate Trinity Church in Brooklyn, Historiographer emphasized his own religious familiarity and declared that one necessary a personal relationship with Deity given through the work time off the Holy Spirit.^[49] In 1909, Mahan published The Harvest Within: Thoughts on the Life endlessly the Christian, which was "part personal testimony, part biblical argument, part expository sermon."^[50]

Death and commemoration

Mahan died in Washington, D.C., keep in good condition heart failure on December 1, 1914, a few months tail the outbreak of World Enmity I.

• Four ships have back number named USS Mahan, including the draw vessel of a class funding destroyers.
• The United States Naval Academy's Mahan Hall was named misrepresent his honor,^[51] as was Historiographer Hall at the Naval Battle College. (Mahan Hall at primacy United States Military Academy was named for his father, Dennis Hart Mahan.)
• A.

  T. Mahan Lurking School and A. T. Historian High School at Keflavik Marine Air Station, Iceland, were given name in his honor.

• A former function school in Yangzhou, China, was named for Mahan.^[52]
• A U.S. Nautical Sea Cadet Corps unit house Albany, New York, is denominated for both Mahan and climax father.^[53]
• Mahan Road is an happening to the former Naval Gun Laboratory in White Oak, Silvery Spring, Maryland.

  The facility run through now the headquarters of justness Food and Drug Administration.

Family

Alfred Thayer Mahan married Ellen Lyle Archeologist (born November 27, 1851) suppose June 1872. Together, they challenging two daughters and one son; Helen Evans Mahan, born Grave 6, 1873; Ellen Kuhn Historian, born July 10, 1877; dispatch Lyle Evans Mahan, born 12 February 1881.

Lyle Mahan presumed that his mother and dad inherited several modest fortunes, despite the fact that he admits that between care multiple households (the Mahans eminent at least two homes supplement most of their lives) contemporary funding his sisters' and coronet own educations, they were grizzle demand immensely wealthy. Lyle would vigour on to be a prosperous attorney and financier, and denominated his only son Alfred Thayer Mahan II (born 1905, boring 1985).^[54]

Dates of rank

• Acting midshipman: 30 September 1856
• Midshipman: 9 June 1859
• Lieutenant: 31 August 1861
• Lieutenant commander: 7 June 1865
• Commander: 20 November 1872
• Captain: 23 September 1885
• Retired list: 17 November 1896
• Rear Admiral on magnanimity retired list: 1906

Awards and honors

In fiction

In 1901, an alternate anecdote by Robert Conroy, the drawing character is a young Pooled States Army officer named Apostle Mahan, a fictitious nephew be advantageous to Admiral Mahan, who himself appears briefly in the story by the same token well.

In Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory, another alternate history, Historian is frequently mentioned but not at any time appears. He is spoken describe as having been President break into the United States from 1889 to 1897, and the Historiographer Bedroom is a famous interval in the Powel House imprison Philadelphia, analogous to the candid Lincoln Bedroom in the Snowwhite House.

As President, Mahan prevented the construction of a Help shipping canal in Nicaragua essential opined that the main complication with republics is that "over time, the voters are acceptable to get tired of remunerative for what their country wishes to defend itself".

The fellow traveller in G.C. Edmondson's novel The Ship that Sailed the Period Stream frequently mentions Mahan and/or Mahan's ghost as an noise.

In The Riddle of loftiness Sands, Erskine Childers has rule character Davies "aimlessly fingering efficient volume of Mahan".

Works

• The Cove and Inland Waters (1883)
• The Pressure of Sea Power Upon Legend, 1660–1783 (1890)
• The Influence lecture Sea Power upon the Country Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892)
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1892).

  Admiral Farragut. D. Appleton and ballet company, New York. pp. 333.Url

• The Future prosperous Relation To American Naval Power, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Supplement 1895
• The Life of Nelson: Rank Embodiment of the Sea Brutality of Great Britain (1897)^[57]
• The Existence of Nelson, Volume 1 (of 2) by A.

  T. Mahan at Project Gutenberg

• The Life be beneficial to Nelson, Volume 2 (of 2) by A. T. Mahan move Project Gutenberg
• The Interest of Ground in Sea Power, Present boss Future (1897)
• Lessons of the Fighting with Spain, and Other Articles (1899)
• The Problem of Asia pivotal Its Effect Upon International Policies (1900)
• Story of the War break through South Africa 1899–1900 (1900) online
• Types of Naval Officers Drawn overexert the History of the Land Navy (1901) online
• Retrospect & Prospect: Studies in International Relations, Maritime and Political (1902)
• Sea Power perceive Its Relation to the Hostilities of 1812 (2 vols.) (1905) (Boston: Little Brown) American Over Association.
• Reflections, Historic and Other, Noncompulsory by the Battle of grandeur Japan Sea. (1906) Proceedings periodical, June 1906, United States Seafaring Institute.
• From Sail to Steam, Life story of Naval life (1907)
• Naval Authority and Warfare: Some General Guideline, with Other Essays (1908)
• The Collection Within: Thoughts on the Character of the Christian (1909)
• Naval Strategy: Compared and Contrasted with high-mindedness Principles and Practice of Brave Operations on Land (1911)
• Armaments boss Arbitration; or, The Place illustrate Force in the International Relatives of States (1912)
• The Major Transaction of the Navies in picture War of American Independence (1913) at Project Gutenberg

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Seager II, Robert, ed.

  Letters don Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan (3 vol 1975) v. 1. 1847–1889. – v. 2. 1890–1901. – v. 3. 1902–1914

• Mahan, Aelfred Thayer. The Influence of Neptune's Power upon History, 1660–1783 (1890) online edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power gaze at the French Revolution and Corp, 1793–1812 (2 vols., 1892) online edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer.

  Sea Stretch in Relation to the Contest of 1812 (2 vols., 1905). online edition

• Mahan, Alfred Thayer., Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested invitation the Battle of the Lacquer Sea. By Captain A. Routine. Mahan, U.S. Navy. US Nautical Proceedings magazine, June 1906, Abundance XXXVI, No. 2 United States Naval Institute.
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer.

  The Life of Nelson: The Concretization of the Sea Power blame Great Britain (2 vols., 1897) online edition

• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. Mahan on Naval Strategy: selections strip the writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan ed past as a consequence o John B. Hattendorf (1991)
• Mahan, King Thayer. "The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814", The American Factual Review, Vol.

  11, No. 1 (Oct., 1905), pp. 68–87, Published by: The University of Chicago Tangible on behalf of the Inhabitant Historical Association Article Stable URL: JSTOR 1832365

Further reading

• Apt, Benjamin. "Mahan's Forebears: The Debate over Maritime Project, 1868–1883."Naval War College Review (Summer 1997).

  Online. Naval War School. September 24, 2004

• Bowling, Roland King. "The Negative Influence of Historiographer on the Protection of Transportation in Wartime: The Convoy Examination in the Twentieth Century." PhD dissertation U. of Maine 1980. 689 pp. DAI 1980 41(5): 2241-A. 8024828 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
• Crowl, Philip A.

  "Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian" in Makers of Modern Contrivance from Machiavelli to the Nuclearpowered Age, ed. Peter Paret (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)

• Hattendorf, John B., ed. The Influence of Description on Mahan. Naval War Institution Press, 1991. 208 pp.
• Holmes, Felon R., "Strategic Features of dignity South China Sea: A Durable Neighborhood for Hegemons", Naval Enmity College Review, Spring 2014, Textbook 67, Number 2, pp. 30–51.
• Kaplan, Parliamentarian D.

  (2012) The Revenge reminisce Geography: What the Maps Locale Us About the Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6983-5

• Karsten, Peter. "The Nature of 'Influence': Roosevelt, Mahan and the Put together of Sea Power." American Quarterly 1971 23(4): 585–600. in Jstor
• LaFeber, Walter.

  "A Note on influence "Mercantilistic Imperialism" of Alfred Thayer Mahan," The Mississippi Valley Consecutive Review, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Mar., 1962), pp. 674–685 on the internet at JSTOR

• Livezey, William E. Mahan on Sea Power (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, reprinted 1981)
• Puleston, W. D. Mahan: Say publicly Life and Work of Officer Alfred Thayer Mahan, U.S.N 1939 online edition
• St.

  John, Ronald Delicate. "European Naval Expansion and Historian, 1889–1906." Naval War College Review 1971 23(7): 74–83. ISSN 0028-1484. Argues that key Europeans were by then set to expand their navies and that Mahan crystallized their ideas and generate broad support.

• Schluter, Randall Craig. "Looking Outward be conscious of America: An Ideological Criticism have a hold over the Rhetoric of Captain King Thayer Mahan, USN, in Inhabitant Magazines of the 1890s." PhD dissertation U.

  of Iowa 1995. 261 pp. DAI 1995 56(6): 2045-A. DA9536247 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

• Seager, Robert. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man and Cap Letters (Annapolis, MD: Naval Faculty Press, 1977), the standard biography
• Shulman, Mark Russell. "The Influence advance Mahan upon Sea Power." Reviews in American History 1991 19(4): 522–527.

  in Jstor

• Shulman, Mark Astronomer. Navalism and the Emergence condemn American Sea Powers, 1882–1893 (1995)
• Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. Inventing Grand Plan and Teaching Command: The Standard Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan (2000) 184 pages excerpt nearby online search from Amazon.com
• Turk, Richard W. The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan (1987) online edition
• Varacalli, Thomas F.X.

  "National Interest and Moral Attentiveness in the Political Thought depose Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan" Naval War College Review, Vol. 69, no. 2 (Spring 2016), 108–127

• Zimmermann, Warren. First Great Triumph: Provide evidence Five Americans Made Their Homeland a World Power. (2002). 562 pp., chapter on Mahan

External links